1. Overview about The Temple of Literature

The Temple of Literature is known for its deep connection to education and Confucian values. Below is essential information to help you explore this remarkable site.

1.1. Location

• Address: No.58 Quoc Tu Giam Street, Dong Da District, Hanoi, Vietnam

The temple sits in the historic heart of the city, not far from the ancient Thang Long Citadel area that once served as Vietnam's imperial center. The Temple of Literature Vietnam is surrounded by four major streets: Nguyen Thai Hoc, Van Mieu, Quoc Tu Giam, and Ton Duc Thang. Despite being in the heart of a bustling city, the temple retains a sense of peace and serenity, thanks to its lush greenery, and tranquil courtyards. Some of the banyan trees are centuries old, standing as silent witnesses to generations of scholars who have walked through these gates.

The Temple of Literature in Hanoi is a must-visit site for those passionate about history and culture (Source: Canva)

1.2. Opening Hours And Ticket Prices

The Temple of Literature opening hours: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM

Before planning your visit, it’s important to know the best times to go and the ticket prices. The temple is open daily, but it can get quite crowded during peak tourist seasons (spring and autumn) and weekends. If you prefer a quieter experience, visiting early in the morning or late in the afternoon on weekdays is recommended.

The Temple of Literature entrance fee: VND 35,000 - VND 70,000

Note: The ticket grants entry to all sections of the temple complex. Prices may vary during special events. For the latest updates, you can visit the Official website of the Temple of Literature.

Visitors should pay attention to the opening hours to avoid missing their visit to the Temple of Literature (Source: Canva)

1.3. Ways to Get to The Temple of Literature

There are many ways to reach the Temple of Literature, depending on your preference for convenience, budget, or experience. You can consider the following options:

• By motorbike: If you’re located in Hoan Kiem District, it’s advisable to rent a motorbike to travel there. Rental prices typically range from VND 80,000 - 100,000 per day. Parking is available near the temple for VND 10,000.
• By taxi: If you are unfamiliar with the roads, consider using ride-hailing apps like Grab or Be for added convenience, especially if traveling in a group of two or more. Type “Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam” in the app, and your driver will take you directly to the entrance.
• By bus: Several bus routes stop near the Temple of Literature, making it an affordable and accessible choice. Recommended bus routes include:
  • Bus No. 2 (Bac Co - Yen Nghia Bus Station)
  • Bus No. 23, 38, 32, 41 (Nam Thang Long - Giap Bat Bus Station)
  • Bus No. E08 (Hanoi Interagency Zone - Times City Urban Area)
  • Bus No. E09 (Smart City Urban Area - West Lake Water Park)

The electric bus route E08 passes by the Temple of Literature (Source: Pexels)

2. The Fascinating History of The Temple of Literature - Vietnam's First University

2.1. The Early History of The Temple of Literature

The Temple of Literature - Imperial Academy holds a significant place in Vietnam’s history, symbolizing the country’s dedication to education, academic excellence, and Confucian values.

Built in 1070 under the reign of Emperor Ly Thanh Tong, the temple was originally a place of worship dedicated to Confucius, Chu Cong, and the Four Accompanying Sages. It played a vital role in shaping Vietnam’s Confucian education system, nurturing many generations of scholars and government officials.

In 1076, Emperor Ly Nhan Tong established Quoc Tu Giam (Imperial Academy), transforming the site into Vietnam’s first university. Initially, only royal family members and high-ranking officials’ children were allowed to study here.

During the Tran Dynasty (1225 - 1400), Emperor Tran Thai Tong expanded the institution, renaming it Quoc Hoc Vien and allowing talented students from all social classes to enroll. This marked a significant shift toward a merit-based education system, emphasizing talent rather than noble lineage.

A pivotal moment in the temple’s history came in 1484, when Emperor Le Thanh Tong ordered the erection of Doctoral Steles to honor scholars who passed the imperial examinations. These 82 stone steles, resting on the backs of stone turtles, record the names of doctorate laureates from 1442 to 1779, which are recognized by UNESCO as a Memory of the World Heritage.

82 stone steles on turtle backs honor doctorate laureates (1442 - 1779), recognized by UNESCO (Source: Canva)

2.2. Destruction and Restoration

In 1802, when the Nguyen Dynasty moved the capital to Hue, a new Imperial Academy was established there. Although the Imperial Academy in Hanoi ceased to function as a university, the Temple of Literature Vietnam remained a sacred place of worship and intellectual pursuit.

However, the temple suffered severe damage during wars, especially in 1947, when French bombardments destroyed several structures within the complex. Despite this destruction, the foundation, stone steles, and key architectural elements survived, paving the way for future restoration efforts.

Since the late 20th century, the Vietnamese government has undertaken major restoration projects to preserve and restore the temple. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, extensive conservation efforts reinforced the temple’s structures while ensuring that it remained accessible to the public.

Panoramic view of the Temple of Literature, photographed in 1950

2.3. The Temple of Literature Today

Today, the Temple of Literature has since been recognized as a Special National Heritage Site and continues to be a place of cultural significance. The tranquil courtyards, ancient gardens, and Confucian-inspired architecture create an atmosphere of peace and reverence, making it one of Hanoi’s most cherished destinations. Beyond its historical significance, the temple remains a spiritual site for academic success. Thousands of students visit each year, especially during exam season, to pray for good fortune in their studies. For over 950 years, the Temple of Literature - Imperial Academy has stood as a symbol of Vietnam’s dedication to knowledge and scholarship, bridging the past with the present and preserving the nation’s rich educational traditions.

The Temple of Literature has since been recognized as a Special National Heritage Site (Source: Pexels)

3. The Temple of Literature Architecture: Five Serene Courtyards

The Temple of Literature architecture is a harmonious complex featuring five courtyards: Dai Trung Mon (The Great Middle Gate), Khue Van Cac (The Pavilion of Constellation), Thien Quang Well, Dai Thanh Mon (The Gate to Great Synthesis), and Nha Thai Hoc (The Grounds of Imperial Academy). These courtyards are connected by ancient gates, serene gardens, and sacred relics.

3.1. The Great Middle Gate (Dai Trung Mon)

As visitors step through the main entrance of the Temple of Literature, they arrive at the first courtyard, marked by the Great Middle Gate (Dai Trung Mon). This gate, with its traditional red pillars and elegant tiled roof, serves as the symbolic transition from the mundane world into a place of wisdom and learning.

Flanking the central gate are two smaller side gates:

• Dai Tai Mon (Gate of Attained Talent) is on the right, symbolizing those who strive for knowledge.
• Thanh Duc Mon (Gate of Accomplished Virtue) is on the left, representing those who achieve wisdom and moral integrity.

The Great Middle Gate (Dai Trung Mon) serves as the main entrance to the Temple of Literature, symbolizing the path to knowledge and wisdom (Source: Canva)

3.2. The Pavilion of Constellation (Khue Van Cac)

Proceeding to the second courtyard, visitors encounter Khue Van Cac, the most iconic structure of the Temple of Literature. Built in 1805 during the Nguyen Dynasty, this two-story wooden pavilion stands on four sturdy stone pillars. Khue Van Cac is so deeply ingrained in Vietnamese culture that it is featured on the 100,000 VND banknote.

Key architectural highlights include:

• Circular windows with intricate wooden carvings symbolize the sun, moon, and celestial knowledge.
• Red-painted wooden beams and gold accents represent prosperity and enlightenment.

The Pavilion of Constellation (Khue Van Cac) is an iconic symbol of Hanoi, representing the beauty of literature and scholarly excellence (Source: Canva)

3.3. The Well of Heavenly Clarity (Gieng Thien Quang)

Nestled within the third courtyard of the Temple of Literature, Thien Quang Well is a large, square-shaped pond that holds deep symbolic meaning. Representing balance, purity, and wisdom, its calm and undisturbed waters create a mesmerizing mirror-like reflection of the surrounding ancient architecture and lush greenery. Visitors often pause here to admire its tranquil beauty, taking in the harmony between nature and human intellect that defines this historic site.

Encircling the well are the 82 Doctoral Steles, resting on the backs of stone turtles, sacred creatures in Vietnamese culture that symbolize longevity, wisdom, and perseverance. These steles, dating from 1442 to 1779, list the names of successful scholars who passed the imperial examinations, offering a glimpse into Vietnam’s rich academic history.

The Well of Heavenly Clarity symbolizes wisdom, knowledge, and intellectual depth (Source: Pexels)

3.4. The Gate to Great Synthesis (Dai Thanh Mon)

Passing through the fourth courtyard, visitors reach Dai Thanh Mon, the grand entrance to the main worship area of the Temple of Literature. This gate is adorned with traditional calligraphy and elaborate carvings, signifying the transition into a sacred space.

Beyond Dai Thanh Mon lies Dai Thanh Sanctuary, where Confucius and his four disciples are honored. This area exudes a spiritual atmosphere, with visitors often lighting incense and offering prayers for wisdom and academic success.

The Gate to Great Synthesis (Dai Thanh Mon) leads to the main sanctuary, where Confucius is honored

3.5. The Grounds of Imperial Academy (Nha Thai Hoc)

The fifth and final courtyard is the Grounds of Imperial Academy (Nha Thai Hoc) was the heart of Vietnam’s first national university, where generations of scholars, royals, and high-ranking officials were educated in Confucian philosophy, literature, and governance.

This courtyard also features a bronze bell and a large drum, which were traditionally used to mark the beginning and end of academic ceremonies. Visitors can even try their hand at calligraphy, a cultural activity deeply rooted in Confucian traditions. For visitors looking to experience traditional Vietnamese calligraphy, the best time to visit is from late January to early February during the Lunar New Year.

Calligraphy – A beautiful New Year tradition at the Temple of Literature (Source: Pexels)

4. Insider Tips for Visiting The Temple of Literature

To ensure a respectful and enjoyable visit, keep these essential tips in mind:

• Respect the site’s rules: Do not touch artifacts, write on walls, or damage the surroundings.
• Dress appropriately: As a site of great cultural and educational importance, visitors should wear modest clothing and avoid shorts or tank tops.
• Be mindful when taking photos: Photography is allowed, but avoid disrupting other visitors or obstructing pathways while capturing your shots.
• Burn incense responsibly: If you wish to make an offering, light only one incense stick to prevent excessive smoke.
• Bring cash: Small purchases like calligraphy scrolls and souvenirs often require cash payments. For the calligraphy tradition, standard scroll paper usually costs 120,000 VND, while premium ceremonial scrolls are 180,000 VND. However, prices may vary depending on special events.
• Visit early or late in the day: Arrive before 9:00 AM or after 3:00 PM to avoid crowds and capture stunning photographs.

Visitors explore the historic Temple of Literature in Hanoi (Source: Pexels)

5. Must-Visit Nearby Destinations

For travelers wondering what to do in Hanoi beyond the Temple of Literature, the surrounding area offers numerous cultural treasures within walking distance. After exploring the Temple of Literature, visitors can discover several other cultural and historical landmarks nearby. These attractions provide deeper insights into Hanoi’s rich heritage and vibrant city life.

5.1. Imperial Citadel of Thang Long (1.5km away)

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long was the political and cultural center of Vietnam for over 1,000 years. Constructed during the Ly Dynasty, this ancient citadel features archaeological sites, relics from different dynasties, and underground war bunkers used during the Vietnam War.

• Opening hours: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM
• Best way to get there: A 5-minute taxi ride or bus routes 22 and 41.
• Visitor tips: Explore the preserved war maps, communication equipment, and underground bunker system for a glimpse into Vietnam’s wartime history.

The Imperial Citadel of Thang Long is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (Source: Canva)

5.2. Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum (2.5 km away)

The Ho Chi Minh's Mausoleum is located in Ba Dinh Square, this imposing granite structure, houses the embalmed body of President Ho Chi Minh, the revered leader of Vietnam’s independence movement. Visitors can witness the solemnity of the site and learn about Ho Chi Minh’s legacy.

• Opening hours: 7:30 AM - 10:30 AM (Closed on Mondays and Fridays)
• Best way to get there: A 10-minute taxi ride or bus routes 22, 32, and 34 from the Temple of Literature.
• Visitor tips: Dress modestly, remain silent inside, avoid photography within the mausoleum. Be prepared to store backpacks and large bags in designated lockers before entering.

The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum is the eternal resting place of President Ho Chi Minh, symbolizing his lasting legacy in Vietnam (Source: Pexels)

5.3. Hoa Lo Prison (1.8km away)

The Hoa Lo Prison Museum, also known as the "Hanoi Hilton", offers a compelling look into Vietnam’s colonial and wartime history. Initially constructed by the French in the late 19th century, the site later became a prison for Vietnamese revolutionaries and American POWs. Exhibits display artifacts, prison cells, and historical accounts of resilience and struggle.

• Opening hours: 8:00 AM - 5:00 PM
• Best way to get there: A 5-minute taxi ride or bus routes 2, 32, and 38.
• Visitor tips: The museum contains graphic exhibits, including distressing depictions of torture, harsh prison conditions, and war narratives. Some content may be unsettling, making it less suitable for young children or sensitive visitors.

Hoa Lo Prison was a notorious site used to imprison Vietnamese revolutionaries (Source: Di tích Nhà tù Hỏa Lò - Hoa Lo Prison Relic)

The Temple of Literature stands as a timeless symbol of Vietnam’s rich cultural and educational heritage. With its ancient courtyards, historic pavilions, and the revered Doctoral Steles, the site offers a glimpse into the nation’s deep respect for knowledge and scholarship. Whether you seek a journey through history or a moment of tranquility amid Hanoi’s bustling streets, a visit to the Temple of Literature is an experience not to be missed.

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